AN ORIGINAL 8X10 INCH PHOTO FROM 1928 OF FRENCH FLYING ACES RETURN TO PARIS. AFTER TRAVELING COMPLETELY AROUND THE WORLD, ALL OF WHICH, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A BOAT RIDE FROM AMERICA TO JAPAN, WAS COVERED IN AN OPEN TWO-SETARE BIPLANE DIEUDONNE COSTES (LEFT) AND JOSEPH LEBRIX (RIGHT) WERE GREETED BY PRESIDENT DOUMERGUE AT THE PRESIDENTIAL HOME AT RAMBONILLET
Dieudonné Costes (14 November 1892 – 18 May 1973) was a French aviator who set flight distance records. He was also a fighter ace during World War I.
Contents
1 Life
2 Long-distance flights
3 Awards
4 References
Life
Costes was born in Septfonds, Tarn-et-Garonne. He received a pilot diploma (brevet) on 26 September 1912. During World War I, he served in the French Air Service, in MF55 and MF85 Farman squadrons, then in N506, N507 and N531 fighter Nieuport squadrons, on the Balkan front. He scored 9 victories (6 confirmed) there, the first in April 1917, the rest in January–September 1918. He ended the war as a 2nd Lieutenant.
After the war, he flew in civil aviation, starting with Latecoere in 1920, on the Toulouse-Casablanca mail route, then flying on the Bordeaux-Paris route in 1921 and on the Paris-London route in Air Union airlines in 1923. From 1925, he became a test pilot in Breguet works. He then started to perform long-distance and record breaking flights with Breguet 19 aircraft.
Long-distance flights
On 26 September 1926, he flew 4,100 km (2,546 miles) from Paris to Assuan, with René de Vitrolles, attempting to break a world distance record. He broke the world distance record on 28 October 1926, flying 5,396 km (3,351 miles) from Paris to Jask, Persia, with J. Rignot, as part of a 19,625-km (12,187-mile) Paris-India-Paris flight.
Between 10 October 1927 and 14 April 1928, Costes and Joseph Le Brix flew 57,410 km (35,652 miles) around the world, in a Breguet 19GR named Nungesser-Coli, from Paris through Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Japan, India, and Greece, although they travelled across the Pacific Ocean from San Francisco, California, to Tokyo, Japan, by ship.[1] During the trip, they made the first non-stop aerial crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean on 14–15 October 1927, flying between Saint-Louis, Senegal, and Natal, Brazil. While in South America, they routed themselves through every country in the continent.[2] On 15–17 December 1928, Costes, with Paul Codos, set a world distance record in a closed circuit of 8,029 km (4,986 miles).
On 13 July 1929, Costes and Maurice Bellonte made an attempt at crossing the North Atlantic Ocean westbound, from Villacoublay near Paris to New York, New York, flying the Breguet 19 Super Bidon "?" ("Point dInterrogation" or "Question Mark"). They returned after 17 hours, however, due to bad weather. On 27–29 September 1929, they set the world distance record, flying 7,905 km (4,909 miles) from Paris to Qiqihar, China.
On 1–2 September 1930, Costes with Maurice Bellonte, flew the "Point dInterrogation" from Paris to New York, as the first heavier-than-air aircraft to reach New York in the more difficult westbound direction between the North American and European mainlands. They covered either 5,850 km (3,633 miles) or 6,200 km (3,850 miles), according to different sources, in 37 hours 18 minutes. While flying over Portsmouth, New Hampshire, they lost their navigational map out of an open window of the plane. Two children saw the map falling from the sky while they were watching for the flight to cross over their farm. The children, Louise Stef and her brother John, returned the map to Costes, who had asked for its return through the media.[3]
Photo of Louise Stef holding the map that fell from the Point dInterrogation taken on September 30th, 1930 in Portsmouth, NH on her familys farm.
During World War II, Costes was an instructor in a pilots school in Versailles, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He died on 18 May 1973 in Paris and is buried in Passy Cemetery.
Awards
Costes received the Legion of Honour, the Croix de guerre with seven palms and a gold star, and the Médaille militaire, among other decorations. He also received the 1929 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Medal and the 1929 Harmon Trophy.
On 2 May 1928, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by special act of the Congress of the United States in recognition of his historic around the world flight.[4]
14–15 October 1927: Dieudonné Costes and Joseph Le Brix flew a Breguet XIX GR, serial number 1685, across the South Atlantic Ocean from Saint-Louis, Senegal, to Port Natal, Brazil.
This was the first non-stop South Atlantic crossing by an airplane. The 2,100-mile (3,380 kilometer) flight took just over 18 hours.
The two aviators were on an around-the-world flight that began 10 October 1927 at Paris, France, and would be completed 14 April 1928, after traveling 34,418 miles (57,000 kilometers).
Costes had been a test pilot for Breguet since 1925. He served as a fighter pilot during World War I and was credited with six aerial victories. He had been appointed Commandeur Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur and awarded the Croix de Guerre with seven palms, and the Médaille militaire.
Following the around-the-world flight, the Congress of the United States, by special act, awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross.
In 1929, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awarded him its Gold Air Medal, and the International League of Aviators awarded him the Harmon Trophy “for the most outstanding international achievement in the arts and/or science of aeronautics for the preceding year, with the art of flying receiving first consideration.”
Joseph Le Brix (1899–1931)
Joseph Le Brix
Capitain de Corvette Joseph Le Brix was a French naval officer. He had trained as a navigator, aerial observer and pilot. For his service in the Second Moroccan War, he was appointed to the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur and awarded the Croix de Guerre. Like Costes, Le Brix was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by the U.S. Congress.
The Breguet XIX GR (“GR” stands for Grand Raid) had been named Nungesser-Coli in honor of the two pilots who disappeared while attempting a crossing the Atlantic Ocean in the White Bird, 8 May 1927. It was developed from the Type XIX light bomber and reconnaissance airplane, which entered production in 1924. A single-engine, two-place biplane with tandem controls, it was primarily constructed of aluminum tubing, covered with sheet aluminum and fabric. The biplane was a “sesquiplane,” meaning that the lower of the two wings was significantly smaller than the upper. Approximately 2,400 Breguet XIXs were built.
Dieudonné Costes and Joseph Le Brix in their Breguet XIX, photographed in Panama, 1 january 1928, by Lt. C. Tuma, U.S. Army Air Corps. (National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution)
Dieudonné Costes and Joseph Le Brix in their Breguet XIX, photographed in Panama, 1 January 1928, by Lt. C. Tuma, U.S. Army Air Corps. (National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution)
No. 1685 was a special long-distance variant, with a 2,900–3,000 liter fuel capacity (766–792 gallons). It was further modified to add 1 meter to the standard 14.83 meter (48 feet, 7.9 inches) wingspan, and the maximum fuel load was increased to 3,500 liters (925 gallons).
The original 590 horsepower Hispano-Suiza 12Hb engine was replaced with a more powerful Hispano-Suiza 12Lb. This was a water-cooled, normally-aspirated, 31.403-liter (1,916.33-cubic-inch-displacement) overhead valve 60° V-12 engine, with 2 valves per cylinder and a compression ratio of 6.2:1. The 12Lb produced 630 horsepower at 2,000 r.p.m., burning 85 octane gasoline. The engine was 1.850 meters (6 feet, 0.8 inches) long, 0.750 meters (2 feet, 5.5 inches) wide and 1.020 meters (3 feet, 4.2 inches) high. It weighed 440 kilograms (970 pounds).
The Breguet XIX had a speed of 214 kilometers per hour (133 miles per hour). Its service ceiling was 7,200 meters (23,620 feet).
Joseph Le Brix (22 February 1899 - 12 September 1931) was a French aviator and a capitaine de corvette (lieutenant commander) in the French Navy. He is best known for an around-the-world flight he made as copilot and navigator in 1927-1928 which included historys first flight across the South Atlantic Ocean, and for record-setting nonstop long-distance flights he made or attempted between 1929 and 1931.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Early career
1.3 Flight around the world
1.4 France-Saigon flight attempts
1.5 Closed-circuit records
1.6 Paris-Tokyo flight attempts and death
2 Commemoration
3 Notes
4 References
Biography
Early life
Le Brix was born on 22 February 1899 in Baden, Morbihan, in the Brittany region of northwestern France.[1]
Early career
Le Brix enrolled in the French naval academy, the École Navale, in Brest on 2 April 1918 and completed his basic seamanship training aboard the academys training ship, the French Navy armored cruiser Jeanne dArc. After graduating from the academy, he served aboard the armored cruiser Jules Michelet. He then began training as a naval aviator in 1924, and qualified as an aerial observer and navigator in September 1924. Promoted to lieutenant de vaisseau ("ship-of-the-line lieutenant"), he received his pilots license in March 1925.[1]
By August 1925, Le Brix was serving in French Naval Aviations Escadrille (Squadron) 5.B.2 and taking part in the Rif War, flying missions over Spanish Morocco in a Farman F.60 Goliath. He flew geographic survey missions over the Sahara Desert in southern French Morocco until 1927, pioneering the use of maritime navigation techniques not yet in wide use aboard aircraft. For his service, he was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honor.[1]
Flight around the world
By October 1927, Le Brix was a capitain de corvette ("corvette captain," the equivalent of a lieutenant commander). On 10 October, he and the French aviator Dieudonné Costes left Paris in the Breguet 19 G.R. Nungesser-Coli to attempt a trip around the world, with Costes as pilot and Le Brix as copilot and navigator. Their first leg was a flight to Saint Louis à prix réduit, Senegal, where they landed on 11 October. The second leg was the worlds first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean, flying from Saint-Louis to Port Natal, Brazil, on 14–15 October. The two men then visited every country in South America before flying north across Panama and Mexico to the United States, reaching Washington, D.C., on 6 February 1928. By this time, their friendship had broken down, to the point that they almost had a fistfight during a reception hosted by the French ambassador in Washington.[1]
Despite their growing dislike for one another, the two men pushed on, flying across the United States to San Francisco, California. There they boarded a ship to cross the Pacific Ocean by sea. Arriving in Tokyo, Japan, they resumed their flight, stopping in French Indochina, India, French Syria, and Greece before completing their trip with an arrival before an enthusiastic crowd at Paris–Le Bourget Airport in Paris on 14 April 1928. The trip had covered 57,410 kilometers (35,652 miles) by air in 338 flight hours over 187 days with 43 stops. Le Brixs relationship with Costes was ruined, however; upon arrival at Paris–Le Bourget, Le Brix supposedly said sharply, "Finally I am no longer the servant of Costes."[1][2]
The round-the-world flight made Le Brix one of Frances most famous aviators. Le Brix and Costes were both awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by a special act of the Congress of the United States on 2 May 1928 in recognition of their achievement.[3]
After completing the around-the-world trip, Le Brix became an instructor at the flight school of the École Navale in Brest, training pilots for both French Naval Aviation and the French Armys air service, the Aéronautique Militaire.[1]
France-Saigon flight attempts
Now rivals, Le Brix and Costes planned to set out in early 1929 in separate attempts to become the first pilot to fly from Paris to Saigon in French Indochina in fewer than five stages. Le Brix secretly set out first, taking off in February in the Bernard 197GR from Istres, France, with his copilot Antoine Paillard and mechanic Camille Jousse. They had already reached Tunis in French Tunisia when Costes learned of their departure and angrily decided to take off in his own aircraft even though its engine was not yet ready for the flight; the engine failed soon after Costes took off and he crashed into a forest near Paris, although he survived. Meanwhile, Le Brix, Paillard, and Jousse flew 11,220 kilometers (6,968 miles) to Burma before having to crash-land in tidal waters 30 miles south of Moulmein on 26 February 1929, wrecking the Bernard 197GR and Jousse breaking a leg.[4]:115[1]
Le Brix made a second attempt to fly from France to Saigon in December 1929. Taking off in a Potez 34 on 16 December with Maurice Rossi as copilot, he again got as far as Burma, flying 10,500 kilometers (6,521 miles) in 72 hours of flight time before the two men had to bail out over the rain forest on 22 December 1929 after encountering severe weather.[1]
Closed-circuit records
In June 1931, Le Brix, Dewoitine chief pilot Marcel Doret, and mechanic René Mesmin broke the record for the longest flight over a closed circuit, flying the Dewoitine D.33 Trait dUnion, funded by the French billionaire François Coty. In a 70-hour nonstop flight from Istres that lasted from 7 to 10 June, they flew 10,372 kilometers (6,441 miles). They also set eight other closed-circuit records, including for flight duration and speed.[1]
Paris-Tokyo flight attempts and death
Le Brix, Doret, and Mesmin decided to follow up their success by using Trait dUnion to attempt the first non-stop flight between Paris and Tokyo. Taking off from Paris–Le Bourget Airport on 12 July 1931, they had made it to the vicinity of Lake Baikal in Siberia when the aircrafts engine iced up. Le Brix and Mesmin parachuted to safety, and Doret crash-landed the plane into the treetops of a Siberian forest. All three men survived unharmed.[1]
Undaunted, the men decided to make a second attempt, departing Paris–Le Bourget Airport on 11 September 1931 in a second Dewoitine D.33 named Trait dUnion II, hoping to beat their competitors, Paul Codos and Henri Robida, who took off the same day in the Breguet 19 TF Super Bidon Point dInterrogation also intending to fly nonstop to Tokyo; Codos and Robida, however, were forced to land at Düsseldorf, Germany, after only a few hours. Flying on, Le Brix, Doret, and Mesmin were over Ufa in the Soviet Union on 12 September when the aircrafts engine failed and they decided to bail out. Doret jumped first, parachuting to safety. Mesmin apparently had trouble with his parachute and could not follow, so Le Brix stayed with the airplane rather than leave Mesmin alone on board. The D.33 crashed and caught fire, killing both Le Brix and Mesmin.[1]
France honored Le Brix with a state funeral at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on 25 September 1931. He was buried in his native Baden.
The crash of Trait dUnion II and death of Le Brix prompted the French government to refuse clearance to any French aviator who wished to attempt to set a nonstop long-distance record with a flight that took him or her beyond the borders of Metropolitan France. Until it lifted the ban in 1933, French aviators were forced to attempt to set such records only on closed-circuit courses within Metropolitan France.
Commemoration
In January 1932, the French aviators Lucien Bossoutrot and Maurice Rossi named the Blériot 110 they used to set several nonstop flight distance records Joseph Le Brix in Le Brixs honor.[1] Rennes–Saint-Jacques Airport also was named for him, as was a school in Baden,[1] and a bridge in the town of Bono is named Pont Joseph Le Brix. Streets in Baden, Nantes, Lorient, Bourges, Toulouse, Tours, Marseille, Vannes, Pontivy, and Saint-Avé, among others, bear his name, as does a plaza in Langueux.
The Passions and Wings museum in Baden is dedicated to Le Brix and his biography, and a memorial plaque in his honor is mounted on the façade of Collège Jules Simon in Vannes, where he was a student.[1]
The French Navy frigate Le Brix (F715), which served as a weather ship while in commission from 1948 to 1958, was named in Le Brixs honor.
Joseph Le Brix
Joseph Marie Le Brix ( born February 22, 1899 in Baden, Morbihan (France ); † September 12, 1931 in Ufa ( Russia) ) was a French military pilot and aviation pioneer.
Early Career
Le Brix occurred on April 2, 1918 in the École Navale, the naval officer school in Brest, a. He completed his basic training in seamanship armored cruiser training ship Jeanne d Arc and served after completion of the Naval Academy on the armored cruiser Jules Michelet. Then he moved to the naval aviation, was in September 1924 observer and navigator, and acquired in March 1925, the pilot license. As of August 1925, he served with the Naval Air Squadron 5.B.2 in Rifkrieg in Morocco, in the Rif in 1923 proclaimed Republic of Riffs was destroyed by a massive French military intervention. With a Farman F.60 "Goliath" he flew mainly reconnaissance flights in southern Morocco. He took advantage of maritime navigation techniques that were not yet widely used in aviation.
Flight around the world
On October 10 1927 for a flight around the world, the two graduating successfully with their arrival in Paris on April 14, 1928 started Corvette Captain ( Capitaine de corvette ) Le Brix, as a navigator and co-pilot of Dieudonné Costes. Only the Pacific Ocean while crossing from San Francisco to Tokyo by boat. With its double-decker Breguet 19gr " Nungesser - Coli " they flew first on 10-11. October to Saint -Louis in Senegal. On 14-15. October them then scored the first non-stop flight across the South Atlantic, from Saint -Louis to Natal. In South America, the two visited each country before they then flew over Panama and Mexico to the United States. On February 6, 1928, she reached Washington. There they were awarded on 28 February 1928, the Distinguished Flying Cross. After they were flown by the United States, they traveled to San Francisco by ship to Tokyo. My flight was then further on Japan, Indochina, India, Syria and Greece. On April 14, 1928 after a total of 187 days, 57,410 kilometers flown, 43 stops and 338 flight hours, they again reached Le Bourget, near Paris, where they were greeted enthusiastically.
An undesirable side effect of their trip was the breakdown of their friendship. In Washington, it came at the reception of the French ambassador even nearly come to blows between them. Upon their arrival at Le Bourget Le Brix supposed to have said in sharp tone: "Finally I am no longer the servant of Costes. "
Le Brix became a teacher at the flight school of the Naval Academy in Brest, where he trained future pilots of naval aviation and the Air Force.
Long-haul flight attempt France - Saigon
The enmity between Le Brix and Costes was very clear in February 1929, when each of them wanted to deal with the flight from Paris to Saigon in French Indochina first in less than five stages. Le Brix and his partner Antoine Paillard started in late February at Istres Marseille and approached already Tunis before Costes has been notified in Le Bourget it. Although the engine of his machine had not yet been set, consisted of angry Costes on an immediate start. He could bring the machine with some trouble in the air, but the engine failed after a short time. Costes survived the crash into the trees of a forest near Paris. Le Brix, Paillard and her mechanic Camille Jousse flew with their Bernard GR 197 about 11,220 km to Burma, then had to make an emergency landing in a rice field and cancel the company, however. A second, begun on December 16, 1929 attempt on the Potez 34, with Maurice Rossi as co-pilot suggested, also fail; after 72 hours and 10,500 km, it had to give up at night because of severe weather over the rain forest of Burma and escape by parachute their machine on 22 December 1929.
Motor World Flight Records
From 7 to 10 June 1931, Le Brix with the Dewoitine - Marcel Doret chief pilot and the mechanic René Mesmin on the newly developed Dewoitine D.33 " trait dUnion " a new distance world record on a circuit on, as they back deposited at Istres in 70 hours 10,372 km non-stop. They found eight other circuit racing records, including the for flight duration and average speed.
Long haul flight test Paris - Tokyo
Then tried the three having the " Trait dUnion " the first non-stop flight from Paris to Tokyo. They launched on July 12, 1931 in Le Bourget, and came to the vicinity of Lake Baikal in Siberia. There you engine froze. Le Brix and Mesmin jumped off with their parachutes, and Doret put the machine in a forest in the treetops. The " trait dUnion " was a total loss, but the three airmen were left intact.
Death
On 11 September 1931, she started with the " trait dUnion II ", the second Dewoitine 33, to try again. On the morning of September 12, when flying over Ural near Ufa, turn engine failed her, and she had to give up the machine. This time Doret jumped first. It is believed that Mesmin had trouble with his parachute and Le Brix his friend did not want to leave you alone. The two came in the crash and subsequent fire of the aircraft died.
Le Brix was honored with a state funeral at the Notre - Dame de Paris and then buried in his birthplace Baden (Morbihan ).
Honors
In January 1932 Lucien Bossoutrot and Maurice Rossi called their world record test aircraft Blériot 110 in the name of " Joseph Le Brix ".
The Rennes airport is named after him.
In his native Baden is a museum dedicated to him and the china and mechanical toys enthusiastic couple Farkas.
In Baden a school is named after him.
On the facade of the Collège Jules Simon in Vannes, where he was a student, there is a memorial plaque for him.
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (French pronunciation: [ɡastɔ̃ dumɛʁɡ]; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard – 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic.
Doumergue came from a Protestant family and was a freemason.[2][3][4] Beginning as a Radical, he turned more towards the political right in his old age. He served as President of the Council (prime minister) from 9 December 1913 to 2 June 1914. He held the portfolio for the colonies through the ministries of Viviani and Briand until the Ribot ministry of March, 1917, when he was sent to Russia to persuade the Kerensky government not to make a separate peace with Germany and Austria. He was elected the thirteenth President of France on 13 June 1924, the only Protestant to hold that office. He served until 13 June 1931, and again was Prime Minister in a conservative national unity government, following the riots of 6 February 1934. This government lasted from 6 February to 8 November 1934.
He was widely regarded as one of the most popular French Presidents, particularly after highly controversial Alexandre Millerand, who was his predecessor. Doumergue was single when elected, and became the first President of France to marry in office.[5]
According to "Rail Tales of the Unexpected" (Kenneth Westcott Jones, David St John Thomas, Nairn, 1992), Doumerge was involved in an unusual railway incident in the autumn of 1926. Travelling to Germany on the Orient Express around 1 am he accidentally opened an external door and fell from the train. His disappearance was not noticed until the train was approaching Augsburg. Eventually his whereabouts was ascertained and he was brought by car to rejoin his party. After falling out he first made contact with a signalman along the track. The signalman was reportedly unimpressed by the dishevelled elderly gentleman in night attire claiming to be the President of France. The signalman is reported to have responded with "And Im the Emperor Napoleon!". Doumerge suffered only minor cuts and bruises.
Contents
1 Doumergues First Ministry, 9 December 1913 – 9 June 1914
2 Doumergues Second Ministry, 9 February – 8 November 1934
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Doumergues First Ministry, 9 December 1913 – 9 June 1914
Gaston Doumergue – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Joseph Noulens – Minister of War
René Renoult – Minister of the Interior
Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance
Albert Métin – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin – Minister of Justice
Ernest Monis – Minister of the Marine
René Viviani – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Maurice Raynaud – Minister of Agriculture
Albert Lebrun – Minister of Colonies
Fernand David – Minister of Public Works
Louis Malvy – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
Changes
17 March 1914 – René Renoult succeeds Caillaux as Finance Minister. Louis Malvy succeeds Renoult as Minister of the Interior. Raoul Péret succeeds Malvy as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs.
20 March 1914 – Armand Gauthier de lAude succeeds Monis as Minister of Marine.
Doumergues Second Ministry, 9 February – 8 November 1934
Gaston Doumergue – President of the Council
Louis Barthou – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Philippe Pétain – Minister of War
Albert Sarraut – Minister of the Interior
Louis Germain-Martin – Minister of Finance
Adrien Marquet – Minister of Labour
Henri Chéron – Minister of Justice
François Piétri – Minister of Military Marine
William Bertrand – Minister of Merchant Marine
Victor Denain – Minister of Air
Aimé Berthod – Minister of National Education
Georges Rivollet – Minister of Pensions
Henri Queuille – Minister of Agriculture
Pierre Laval – Minister of Colonies
Pierre Étienne Flandin – Minister of Public Works
Louis Marin – Minister of Public Health and Physical Education
André Mallarmé – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
Lucien Lamoureux – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Édouard Herriot – Minister of State
André Tardieu – Minister of State
Changes
13 October 1934 – Pierre Laval succeeds Barthou (assassinated 9 October) as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Paul Marchandeau succeeds Sarraut as Minister of the Interior. Louis Rollin succeeds Laval as Minister of Colonies.
15 October 1934 – Henri Lémery succeeds Chéron as Minister of Justice.
On 6 February 1928, Lieutenant Dieudonné Costes and Lieutenant Commander Joseph Lebrix landed at Boiling Field, Washington, D.C., in the plane which had carried them from Paris across the South Atlantic and over South America to Mexico and the United States. In 1930 Costes and Maurice Bellonte made the first Paris to New York flight. The following year Costes was named the worlds No. 1 airman by the International League of Aviation. In 1949 a French military court acquitted Costes on charges of spying for the Nazis during World War II. Needing six votes for a conviction under French military law, four judges voted to convict while five judges voted to free Costes.
Costes To Fly Western Route Over Atlantic
The Lima News - Sunday, June 1, 1930
French Flier Denies Treason
Lincoln Journal - Tuesday, March 15, 1949
Légion dHonneur
"Detached to the aviation of the Allied armies in The East, serving with Greek Escadrille 531. An officer of great spirit and faultless bravery. On 8 September 1918, he successfully attacked an enemy balloon on the ground which has been unable to rise since this date. On 10 September 1918, during the course of combat with five scouts, he disengaged one of his comrades whose plane was seriously damaged, and downed one of the enemy planes. Six planes downed. Médaille Militaire. Six citations of which five were by the army." Légion dHonneur citation
Victories
DateTimeUnitAircraftOpponentLocation
129 Apr 1917 EA
226 Jan 1918 RolandMrzenci-Negorci
330 Apr 19180930 ScoutNW of Negorci
401 May 1918 Two-seaterNW of Mrzenci
508 Jun 19181630 ScoutBorlovc
613 Jun 19180645N531 Two-seater 1S of Hudovo-Kovanec
724 Jun 1918 LVG CStaravinc
810 Sep 1918 ScoutNE of Guevgueli
A brief history of Dieudonne Costes and Joseph le Brix
Dieudonné Costes (14 November 1892 - 18 May 1973) was a French aviator who obtained his licence on 26 September 1912 and who set flight distance records. During World War I, he served in the French Air Service, in MF55 and MF85 Farman squadrons, then in N506, N507 and N531 fighter Nieuport squadrons, on the Balkan front. He scored 8 victories (6 confirmed), the first in April 1917, the rest in January-September 1918. He ended the war as a 2nd Lieutenant.
Photo en.wikipedia.org
After the war, he flew in civil aviation, starting with Latecoere in 1920, on the Toulouse-Casablanca mail route, then flying on the Bordeaux-Paris route in 1921 and on the Paris-London route in Air Union airlines in 1923. From 1925, he became a test pilot in Breguet works. He then started to perform long-distance and record breaking flights with Breguet 19 aircraft.
Between 10 October 1927 and 14 April 1928, Costes and Joseph Le Brix flew 57,410 km (35,652 miles) around the world, in a Breguet 19GR named Nungesser-Coli, from Paris through Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Japan, India and Greece, although they travelled across the Pacific Ocean from San Francisco, California, to Tokyo, Japan, by ship. During the trip, they made the first non-stop aerial crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean on 14-15 October 1927, flying between Saint-Louis, Senegal, and Natal, Brazil. While in South America, they routed themselves through every country in the continent. On 15-17 December 1928, Costes, with Paul Codos, set a world distance record in a closed circuit of 8,029 km (4,986 miles).
Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (French pronunciation: [ɡastɔ̃ dumɛʁɡ]; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard – 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931.
Contents
1Life
2Doumergues First Ministry, 9 December 1913 – 9 June 1914
3Doumergues Second Ministry, 9 February – 8 November 1934
4See also
5References
6External links
Life
Doumergue, c. 1910–1915
Doumergue came from a Protestant family and was a Freemason.[1][2][3] Beginning as a Radical, he turned more towards the political right in his old age. He served as prime minister from 9 December 1913 to 2 June 1914. He held the portfolio for the colonies through the ministries of René Viviani and Aristide Briand from 26 August 1914 to 19 March 1917. In February 1917 he was sent on a mission to Russia and negotiated with Tsar Nicholas II a secret agreement which defined the demands that France and Russia would make in future peace negotiations with Germany and Austria-Hungary. He was elected as the 13th French President on 13 June 1924, the only Protestant to hold that office. He served until 13 June 1931 and again was Prime Minister in a conservative national unity government, after the riots of 6 February 1934. That government lasted from 6 February to 8 November 1934.
He was widely regarded as one of the most popular French presidents, particularly after the controversial Alexandre Millerand, who had been his predecessor. Doumergue was single when he was elected and became the first President of France to marry in office.[4]
Doumergues First Ministry, 9 December 1913 – 9 June 1914
Gaston Doumergue – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Joseph Noulens – Minister of War
René Renoult – Minister of the Interior
Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance
Albert Métin – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin – Minister of Justice
Ernest Monis – Minister of the Marine
René Viviani – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Maurice Raynaud – Minister of Agriculture
Albert Lebrun – Minister of Colonies
Fernand David – Minister of Public Works
Louis Malvy – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
Changes
17 March 1914 – René Renoult succeeds Caillaux as Finance Minister. Louis Malvy succeeds Renoult as Minister of the Interior. Raoul Péret succeeds Malvy as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs.
20 March 1914 – Armand Gauthier de lAude succeeds Monis as Minister of Marine.
Doumergues Second Ministry, 9 February – 8 November 1934
Time cover, 21 July 1924
Gaston Doumergue – President of the Council
Louis Barthou – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Philippe Pétain – Minister of War
Albert Sarraut – Minister of the Interior
Louis Germain-Martin – Minister of Finance
Adrien Marquet – Minister of Labour
Henri Chéron – Minister of Justice
François Piétri – Minister of Military Marine
William Bertrand – Minister of Merchant Marine
Victor Denain – Minister of Air
Aimé Berthod – Minister of National Education
Georges Rivollet – Minister of Pensions
Henri Queuille – Minister of Agriculture
Pierre Laval – Minister of Colonies
Pierre Étienne Flandin – Minister of Public Works
Louis Marin – Minister of Public Health and Physical Education
André Mallarmé – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
Lucien Lamoureux – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Édouard Herriot – Minister of State
André Tardieu – Minister of State
Changes
13 October 1934 – Pierre Laval succeeds Barthou (assassinated 9 October) as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Paul Marchandeau succeeds Sarraut as Minister of the Interior. Louis Rollin succeeds Laval as Minister of Colonies.
15 October 1934 – Henri Lémery succeeds Chéron as Minister of Justice.
See also
Interwar France
6 February 1934 crisis
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s) – 21 July 1924 and 2 August 1926
References
Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse , 2011)
Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons (Laurent Kupferman, Emmanuel Pierra, ed. Grund, 2012)
Sciolino, Elaine (3 February 2008). "French Leader and Ex-Model Wed in Quiet Ceremony". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
External links
Media related to Gaston Doumergue at Wikimedia Commons
1927 clip of Gaston Doumergue receiving his honorary degree from Oxford
Newspaper clippings about Gaston Doumergue in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Political offices
Preceded by
Albert Decrais
Minister of Colonies
1902–1905Succeeded by
Étienne Clémentel
New officeMinister of Labour
1906Succeeded by
René Viviani
Preceded by
Georges Trouillot
Minister of Commerce and Industry
1906–1908Succeeded by
Jean Cruppi
Preceded by
Aristide Briand
Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
1908–1910Succeeded by
Maurice Faure
Preceded by
Louis Barthou
Prime Minister of France
1913–1914Succeeded by
Alexandre Ribot
Preceded by
Stéphen Pichon
Minister of Foreign Affairs
1913–1914Succeeded by
Léon Bourgeois
Preceded by
René Viviani
Minister of Foreign Affairs
1914Succeeded by
Théophile Delcassé
Preceded by
Maurice Raynaud
Minister of Colonies
1914–1917Succeeded by
André Maginot
Preceded by
Léon Bourgeois
President of the Senate
1923–1924Succeeded by
Justin de Selves
Preceded by
Alexandre Millerand
President of France
1924–1931Succeeded by
Paul Doumer
Preceded by
Édouard Daladier
Prime Minister of France
1934Succeeded by
Pierre Étienne Flandin
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Alexandre Millerand
Co-Prince of Andorra
1924–1931
Served alongside: Justí Guitart i VilardebóSucceeded by
Paul Doumer
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Alexey Rykov
Cover of Time magazine
21 July 1924Succeeded by
William Sproule
1 August 1863
Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue was born in Aigues-Vives (Department of Gard), into a Protestant family. After earning a degree and a doctorate in Law in Paris, he joined the Nîmes Bar in 1885.
1890
Substitute (magistrate who assists the Prosecutor General and the French Public Prosecutor) in Hanoi, in Indochina.
1893
He was named justice of the peace in Algiers.
17 December 1893
Elected Radical Deputy for Nîmes, he was re-elected on 8 May 1898 and 27 April 1902.
7 June 1902-23 January 1905
He served as Minister of the Colonies in the Combes Government, under the Presidency of Émile Loubet.
17 January 1906
Armand Fallières was elected President of the Republic.
14 March-24 October 1906
He served as Minister of Trade, Industry and Labour.
25 October 1906-4 January 1908
He served as Minister of Trade and Industry.
4 January 1908-2 November 1910
He served as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
6 March 1910
He was elected Senator for Gard and re-elected in 1912 and 1921.
9 December 1913-8 June 1914
He was Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the request of President Poincaré.
3-26 August 1914
He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs
26 August 1914-19 March 1917
He served as Minister of Colonies.
February 1923
He was President of the Senate.
June 1924
After the resignation of Alexandre Millerand, Gaston Doumergue was elected President of the Republic. He stated he was in favour of a policy of firmness vis-à-vis Germany in the face of a re-emerging nationalism. His seven-year-term was marked by strong ministerial instability.
1 July 1926
Gaston Doumergue appointed Raymond Poincaré as Prime Minister.
16-19 May 1927
The President visited London and was received by George V.
10-12 October 1929
He visited Brussels.
14 May 1930
He visited Algeria for the centenary celebrations of the conquest.
12-24 October 1930
He visited Morocco.
8-18 April 1931
He visited Tunisia for the 50th anniversary of the protectorate.
1931
Gaston Doumergue's seven-year term ended.
France (French: [fʁɑ̃s] Listen), officially the French Republic (French: République française),[13] is a transcontinental country predominantly located in Western Europe and spanning overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.[XII] Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin. Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) and close to 68 million people (as of July 2022).[4][7] France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, and Nice.
Inhabited since the Palaeolithic era, the territory of Metropolitan France was settled by Celtic tribes known as Gauls during the Iron Age. Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture that laid the foundation of the French language. The Germanic Franks formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France in 987. In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but highly decentralised feudal kingdom. Philip II successfully strengthened royal power and defeated his rivals to double the size of the crown lands; by the end of his reign, France had emerged as the most powerful state in Europe. From the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, France was plunged into a series of dynastic conflicts involving England, collectively known as the Hundred Years War, and a distinct French identity emerged as a result. The French Renaissance saw art and culture flourish, conflict with the House of Habsburg, and the establishment of a global colonial empire, which by the 20th century would become the second-largest in the world.[14] The second half of the 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Huguenots that severely weakened the country. France again emerged as Europes dominant power in the 17th century under Louis XIV following the Thirty Years War.[15] Inadequate economic policies, inequitable taxes and frequent wars (notably a defeat in the Seven Years War and costly involvement in the American War of Independence), left the kingdom in a precarious economic situation by the end of the 18th century. This precipitated the French Revolution of 1789, which overthrew the Ancien Régime and produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which expresses the nations ideals to this day.
France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte, subjugating much of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of European and world history. The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured a tumultuous succession of governments until the founding of the French Third Republic during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Subsequent decades saw a period of optimism, cultural and scientific flourishing, as well as economic prosperity known as the Belle Époque. France was one of the major participants of World War I, from which it emerged victorious at great human and economic cost. It was among the Allied powers of World War II, but was soon occupied by the Axis in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, the short-lived Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The current Fifth Republic was formed in 1958 by Charles de Gaulle. Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining close economic and military ties with France.
France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of art, science and philosophy. It hosts the fifth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the worlds leading tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018.[16] France is a developed country with the worlds seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and tenth-largest by PPP; in terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world.[17] France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy and human development.[18][19] It remains a great power in global affairs,[20] being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state. France is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the Eurozone,[21] as well as a key member of the Group of Seven, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and La Francophonie.
Contents
1Etymology and pronunciation
2History
2.1Prehistory (before the 6th century BC)
2.2Antiquity (6th century BC–5th century AD)
2.3Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)
2.4High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)
2.5Early modern period (15th century–1789)
2.6Revolutionary France (1789–1799)
2.7Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)
2.8Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)
2.9Contemporary period (1946–present)
3Geography
3.1Location and borders
3.2Geology, topography and hydrography
3.3Climate
3.4Environment
3.5Administrative divisions
3.5.1Regions
PHOTO ORIGINALE VINTAGE 1928 AS VOLANTS FRANÇAIS DIEUDONNE à prix réduit COSTES PRÉSIDENT
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